Hauka
The Hauka are possession spirits of the Songhay of Niger, and of related Hausa contexts, who grotesquely mimic and mock Europeans of the colonial epoch. They speak in the body of human mediums, parody colonial officials and military men, and turn colonial power into ritual comedy. Paul Stoller, himself initiated into a possession troupe, treats the Hauka as embodied memory of colonialism; the movement also spread to the Gold Coast.